The Sangam Age The word ‘Sangam’ refers to the association of poets who flourished under the royal patronage of the Pandya kings at Madurai. The poems composed by these poets are collectively known as Sangam literature. The period in which these poems were composed is called the Sangam Age. Time Span 3rd century BC (BCE)

Introduction The Cholas belonged to one of the three mighty dynasties that ruled the Tamizh country in the early historical period. Described as the Muvendhar in the Sangam literature, they were known for the valour and for their patronage of the Tamil language. Many songs were composed in high praise of their glories. However, after

Adichanallur Adichanallur, 22 km from Tirunelveli, is located in Thoothukudi district. In 1876, a German ethnologist and naturalist, Andrew Jagor conducted an excavation at Adichanallur. He carried with him samples of backed earthenware, utensils of all sizes and shapes, a considerable number of iron weapons and implements, and great quantities of bones and skulls. These

Introduction 1. _________ provided Hinduism with a philosophic doctrine of Advaita. (a) Adi Sankara (b) Ramanuja (c) Ramananda (d) Chaitanya Ans: (a) Adi Sankara Bhakti Movement in the South Conflict with Buddhism & Jainism 2. _________ refers to the conflict between the orthodox Vedic sects and Shramanic sects (a) Ramayana (b) Bagavatha purana (c) Hagiographies

Introduction Sources Archaeological Numismatic Epigraphic Literary Classical Tamil Literature **Ettuthogai and Paththupattu collections have about 2400 poems. These poems, varying in length from 3 to 800 lines, were composed by Panar and pulavar. The Eight Anthologies are: 1. Natrinai; 2. Kurunthogai; 3. Aingurunuru; 4. Patitruppathu; 5. Paripadal; 6. Kalithogai; 7. Akananuru; 8. Purananuru. Paththupattu (Ten