CHAPTER 1 – PHYSICAL WORLD
1.1 What is physics ?
1.2 Scope and excitement of physics
1.3 Physics, technology and society
1.4 Fundamental forces in nature
1.5 Nature of physical laws
CHAPTER 2 – UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The international system of units
2.3 Measurement of length
2.4 Measurement of mass
2.5 Measurement of time
2.6 Accuracy, precision of instruments and errors in measurement
2.7 Significant figures
2.8 Dimensions of physical quantities
2.9 Dimensional formulae and dimensional equations
2.10 Dimensional analysis and its applications
CHAPTER 3 – MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Position, path length and displacement
3.3 Average velocity and average speed
3.4 Instantaneous velocity and speed
3.5 Acceleration
3.6 Kinematic equations for uniformly accelerated motion
3.7 Relative velocity
CHAPTER – MOTION IN PLANE
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Scalars and vectors
4.3 Multiplication of vectors by real numbers
4.4 Addition and subtraction of vectors graphical method
4.5 Resolution of vectors
4.6 Vector addition analytical method
4.7 Motion in a plane
4.8 Motion in a plane with constant acceleration
4.9 Relative velocity in two dimensions
4.10 Projectile motion
4.11 Uniform circular motion
CHAPTER 5 – LAWS OF MOTION
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Aristotle’s fallacy
5.3 The law of inertia
5.4 Newtons first law of motion
5.5 Newtons second law of motion
5.6 Newtons third law of motion
5.7 Conservation of momentum
5.8 Equilibrium of a particle
5.9 Common forces in mechanics
5.10 Circular motion
5.11 Solving problems in mechanics
CHAPTER 6 – WORK, ENERGY AND POWER
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Notions of work and kinetic energy : The work-energy theorem
6.3 Work
6.4 Kinetic energy
6.5 Work done by a variable force
6.6 The work-energy theorem for a variable force
6.7 The concept of potential energy
6.8 The conservation of mechanical energy
6.9 The potential energy of a spring
6.10 Various forms of energy : the law of conservation of energy
6.11 Power
6.12 Collisions
CHAPTER 7 – SYSTEM OF PARTICLES AND ROTATIONAL MOTION
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Centre of mass
7.3 Motion of centre of mass
7.4 Linear momentum of a system of particles
7.5 Vector product of two vectors
7.6 Angular velocity and its relation with linear velocity
7.7 Torque and angular momentum
7.8 Equilibrium of a rigid body
7.9 Moment of inertia
7.10 Theorems of perpendicular and parallel axes7.11 Kinematics of rotational motion about a fixed axis
7.12 Dynamics of rotational motion about a fixed axis
7.13 Angular momentum in case of rotations about a fixed axis
7.14 Rolling motion
CHAPTER 8 – GRAVITATION
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Kepler’s laws
8.3 Universal law of gravitation
8.4 The gravitational constant
8.5 Acceleration due to gravity of the earth
8.6 Acceleration due to gravity below and above the surface of earth
8.7 Gravitational potential energy
8.8 Escape speed
8.9 Earth satellite
8.10 Energy of an orbiting satellite
8.11 Geostationary and polar satellites
8.12 Weightlessness

Physics

Part II

Contents

CHAPTER 9 – MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Elastic behaviour of solids
9.3 Stress and strain
9.4 Hookes law
9.5 Stress-strain curve
9.6 Elastic moduli
9.7 Applications of elastic behaviour of materials
CHAPTER 10 – MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Pressure
10.3 Streamline flow
10.4 Bernoulli’s principle
10.5 Viscosity
10.6 Reynolds number
10.7 Surface tension
CHAPTER 11 – THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Temperature and heat
11.3 Measurement of temperature
11.4 Ideal-gas equation and absolute temperature
11.5 Thermal expansion
11.6 Specific heat capacity
11.7 Calorimetry
11.8 Change of state
11.9 Heat transfer
11.10 Newtons law of cooling
CHAPTER 12 – THERMODYNAMICS
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Thermal equilibrium
12.3 Zeroth law of thermodynamics
12.4 Heat, internal energy and work
12.5 First law of thermodynamics
12.6 Specific heat capacity
12.7 Thermodynamic state variables and equation of state
12.8 Thermodynamic processes
12.9 Heat engines
12.10 Refrigerators and heat pumps
12.11 Second law of thermodynamics
12.12 Reversible and irreversible processes
12.13 Carnot engine
CHAPTER 13 – KINETIC THEORY
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Molecular nature of matter
13.3 Behaviour of gases
13.4 Kinetic theory of an ideal gas
13.5 Law of equipartition of energy
13.6 Specific heat capacity
13.7 Mean free path
CHAPTER 14 – OSCILLATIONS
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Periodic and oscilatory motions
14.3 Simple harmonic motion
14.4 Simple harmonic motion and uniform circular motion
14.5 Velocity and acceleration in simple harmonic motion
14.6 Force law for simple harmonic motion
14.7 Energy in simple harmonic motion
14.8 Some systems executing Simple Harmonic Motion
14.9 Damped simple harmonic motion
14.10 Forced oscillations and resonance
CHAPTER 15 – WAVES
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Transverse and longitudinal waves
15.3 Displacement relation in a progressive wave
15.4 The speed of a travelling wave
15.5 The principle of superposition of waves
15.6 Reflection of waves
15.7 Beats
15.8 Doppler effect

Answers

NCERT BOOKS Class 12

[ NCERT Class 12 ] – NCERT BOOKS for UPSC and CBSE

History

Themes in Indian History Part I

Contents

THEME ONE
BRICKS, BEADS AND BONES
The Harappan Civilisation
THEME TWO
KINGS, FARMERS AND TOWNS
Early States and Economies
(c.600 BCE-600 CE)
THEME THREE
KINSHIP, CASTE AND CLASS
Early Societies
(c. 600 BCE-600 CE)
THEME FOUR
THINKERS, BELIEFS AND BUILDINGS
Cultural Developments
(c. 600 BCE-600 CE)

History

Themes in Indian History Part II

Contents

History

Themes in Indian History Part III

Contents

THEME TEN
COLONIALISM AND THE COUNTRYSIDE:
Exploring Official Archives
THEME ELEVEN
REBELS AND THE RAJ:
1857 Revolt and its Representations
THEME TWELVE
COLONIAL CITIES:
Urbanisation, Planning and Architecture
THEME THIRTEEN
MAHATMA GANDHI AND THE
NATIONALIST MOVEMENT:
Civil Disobedience and Beyond
THEME FOURTEEN
UNDERSTANDING PARTITION:
Politics, Memories, Experiences
THEME FIFTEEN
FRAMING THE CONSTITUTION:
The Beginning of a New Era

Geography

Fundamentals of Human Geography

Contents

Appendice

Glossary

Geography

India – People and Economy

Contents

Appendix

Glossary

Political Science

Contemporary world Politics

Contents

Chapter 1
The Cold War Era
Chapter 2
The End of Bipolarity
Chapter 3
US Hegemony in World Politics
Chapter 4
Alternative Centres of Power
Chapter 5
Contemporary South Asia
Chapter 6
International Organisations
Chapter 7
Security in the Contemporary World
Chapter 8
Environment and Natural Resources
Chapter 9
Globalisation

Economics

Macroeconomics

Contents

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Emergence of Macroeconomics
1.2 Context of the Present Book of Macroeconomics
NATIONAL INCOME ACCOUNTING
2.1 Some Basic Concepts of Macroeconomics
2.2 Circular Flow of Income and Methods of
Calculating National Income
2.2.1 The Product or Value Added Method
2.2.2 Expenditure Method
2.2.3 Income Method
2.3 Some Macroeconomic Identities
2.4 Goods and Prices
2.5 GDP and Welfare
MONEY AND BANKING
3.1 Functions of Money
3.2 Demand for Money
3.2.1 The Transaction Motive
3.2.2 The Speculative Motive
3.3 The Supply of Money
3.3.1 Legal Definitions: Narrow and Broad Money
3.3.2 Money Creation by the Banking System
3.3.3 Instruments of Monetary Policy and the
Reserve Bank of India
INCOME DETERMINATION
4.1 Ex Ante and Ex Post
4.2 Movement Along a Curve Versus Shift of a Curve
4.3 The Short Run Fixed Price Analysis of the Product Market
4.3.1 A Point on the Aggregate Demand Curve
4.3.2 Effects of an Autonomous Change on Equilibrium Demand in the Product Market
4.3.3 The Multiplier Mechanism
THE GOVERNMENT: FUNCTIONS AND SCOPE
5.1 Components of the Government Budget
5.1.1 The Revenue Account
5.1.2 The Capital Account
5.1.3 Measures of Government Deficit
5.2 Fiscal Policy
5.2.1 Changes in Government Expenditure
5.2.2 Changes in Taxes
5.2.3 Debt
OPEN ECONOMY MACROECONOMICS
6.1 The Balance of Payments
6.1.1 BoP Surplus and Deficit
6.2 The Foreign Exchange Market
6.2.1 Determination of the Exchange Rate
6.2.2 Flexible Exchange Rates
6.2.3 Fixed Exchange Rates
6.2.4 Managed Floating
6.2.5 Exchange Rate Management: The International Experience
6.3 The Determination of Income in an Open Economy
6.3.1 National Income Identity for an Open Economy
6.3.2 Equilibrium Output and the Trade Balance
6.4 Trade Deficits, Savings and Investment

Glossary

Physics

Part I

Contents

CHAPTER ONE – ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Electric Charges
1.3 Conductors and Insulators
1.4 Charging by Induction
1.5 Basic Properties of Electric Charge
1.6 Coulomb’s Law
1.7 Forces between Multiple Charges
1.8 Electric Field
1.9 Electric Field Lines
1.10 Electric Flux
1.11 Electric Dipole
1.12 Dipole in a Uniform External Field
1.13 Continuous Charge Distribution
1.14 Gauss’s Law
1.15 Application of Gauss’s Law
CHAPTER TWO – ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Electrostatic Potential
2.3 Potential due to a Point Charge
2.4 Potential due to an Electric Dipole
2.5 Potential due to a System of Charges
2.6 Equipotential Surfaces
2.7 Potential Energy of a System of Charges
2.8 Potential Energy in an External Field
2.9 Electrostatics of Conductors
2.10 Dielectrics and Polarisation
2.11 Capacitors and Capacitance
2.12 The Parallel Plate Capacitor
2.13 Effect of Dielectric on Capacitance
2.14 Combination of Capacitors
2.15 Energy Stored in a Capacitor
2.16 Van de Graaff Generator
CHAPTER THREE – CURRENT ELECTRICITY
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Electric Current
3.3 Electric Currents in Conductors
3.4 Ohm’s law
3.5 Drift of Electrons and the Origin of Resistivity
3.6 Limitations of Ohm’s Law
3.7 Resistivity of various Materials
3.8 Temperature Dependence of Resistivity
3.9 Electrical Energy, Power
3.10 Combination of Resistors — Series and Parallel
3.11 Cells, emf, Internal Resistance
3.12 Cells in Series and in Parallel
3.13 Kirchhoff’s Laws
3.14 Wheatstone Bridge
3.15 Meter Bridge
3.16 Potentiometer
CHAPTER FOUR – MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Magnetic Force
4.3 Motion in a Magnetic Field
4.4 Motion in Combined Electric and Magnetic Fields
4.5 Magnetic Field due to a Current Element, Biot-Savart Law
4.6 Magnetic Field on the Axis of a Circular Current Loop
4.7 Ampere’s Circuital Law
4.8 The Solenoid and the Toroid
4.9 Force between Two Parallel Currents, the Ampere
4.10 Torque on Current Loop, Magnetic Dipole
4.11 The Moving Coil Galvanometer
CHAPTER FIVE – MAGNETISM AND MATTER
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The Bar Magnet
5.3 Magnetism and Gauss’s Law
5.4 The Earth’s Magnetism
5.5 Magnetisation and Magnetic Intensity
5.6 Magnetic Properties of Materials
5.7 Permanent Magnets and Electromagnets
CHAPTER SIX – ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The Experiments of Faraday and Henry
6.3 Magnetic Flux
6.4 Faraday’s Law of Induction
6.5 Lenz’s Law and Conservation of Energy
6.6 Motional Electromotive Force
6.7 Energy Consideration: A Quantitative Study
6.8 Eddy Currents
6.9 Inductance
6.10 AC Generator
CHAPTER SEVEN – ALTERNATING CURRENT
7.1 Introduction
7.2 AC Voltage Applied to a Resistor
7.3 Representation of AC Current and Voltage by
Rotating Vectors — Phasors
7.4 AC Voltage Applied to an Inductor
7.5 AC Voltage Applied to a Capacitor
7.6 AC Voltage Applied to a Series LCR Circuit
7.7 Power in AC Circuit: The Power Factor
7.8 LC Oscillations
7.9 Transformers
CHAPTER EIGHT – ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Displacement Current
8.3 Electromagnetic Waves
8.4 Electromagnetic Spectrum
Developing Psychological Skills

Answers

Glossary

Psychology Guidelines

Physics

Part II

Contents

CHAPTER NINE – RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Reflection of Light by Spherical Mirrors
9.3 Refraction
9.4 Total Internal Reflection
9.5 Refraction at Spherical Surfaces and by Lenses
9.6 Refraction through a Prism
9.7 Dispersion by a Prism
9.8 Some Natural Phenomena due to Sunlight
9.9 Optical Instruments
CHAPTER TEN – WAVE OPTICS
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Huygens Principle
10.3 Refraction and reflection of plane waves using Huygens Principle
10.4 Coherent and Incoherent Addition of Waves
10.5 Interference of Light Waves and Young’s Experiment
10.6 Diffraction
10.7 Polarisation
CHAPTER ELEVEN – DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Electron Emission
11.3 Photoelectric Effect
11.4 Experimental Study of Photoelectric Effect
11.5 Photoelectric Effect and Wave Theory of Light
11.6 Einstein’s Photoelectric Equation: Energy Quantum of Radiation
11.7 Particle Nature of Light: The Photon
11.8 Wave Nature of Matter
11.9 Davisson and Germer Experiment
CHAPTER TWELVE – ATOMS
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Alpha-particle Scattering and Rutherford’s Nuclear Model of Atom
12.3 Atomic Spectra
12.4 Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom
12.5 The Line Spectra of the Hydrogen Atom
12.6 DE Broglie’s Explanation of Bohr’s Second Postulate of Quantisation
CHAPTER THIRTEEN – NUCLEI
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Atomic Masses and Composition of Nucleus
13.3 Size of the Nucleus
13.4 Mass-Energy and Nuclear Binding Energy
13.5 Nuclear Force
13.6 Radioactivity
13.7 Nuclear Energy
CHAPTER FOURTEEN – SEMICONDUCTOR ELECTRONICS: MATERIALS, DEVICES AND SIMPLE CIRCUITS
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Classification of Metals, Conductors and Semiconductors
14.3 Intrinsic Semiconductor
14.4 Extrinsic Semiconductor
14.5 p-n Junction
14.6 Semiconductor diode
14.7 Application of Junction Diode as a Rectifier
14.8 Special Purpose p-n Junction Diodes
14.9 Junction Transistor
14.10 Digital Electronics and Logic Gates
14.11 Integrated Circuits
CHAPTER FIFTEEN – COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Elements of a Communication System
15.3 Basic Terminology Used in Electronic Communication Systems
15.4 Bandwidth of Signals
15.5 Bandwidth of Transmission Medium
15.6 Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves
15.7 Modulation and its Necessity
15.8 Amplitude Modulation
15.9 Production of Amplitude Modulated Wave
15.10 Detection of Amplitude Modulated Wave

Biology

Contents

UNIT VI – REPRODUCTION
Chapter 1 : Reproduction in Organisms
Chapter 2 : Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Chapter 3 : Human Reproduction
Chapter 4 : Reproductive Health
UNIT VII – GENETICS AND EVOLUTION
Chapter 5 : Principles of Inheritance and Variation
Chapter 6 : Molecular Basis of Inheritance
Chapter 7 : Evolution
UNIT VIII – BIOLOGY IN HUMAN WELFARE
Chapter 8 : Human Health and Disease
Chapter 9 : Strategies for Enhancement in
Food Production
Chapter 10 : Microbes in Human Welfare
UNIT IX – BIOTECHNOLOGY
Chapter 11 : Biotechnology : Principles and Processes
Chapter 12 : Biotechnology and its Applications
UNIT X – ECOLOGY
Chapter 13 : Organisms and Populations
Chapter 14 : Ecosystem
Chapter 15 : Biodiversity and Conservation
Chapter 16 : Environmental Issues

NCERT BOOKS for UPSC NCERT BOOKS for UPSC NCERT BOOKS for UPSC NCERT BOOKS for UPSC

Other Importants

Computer Awareness

Anatomy of a Digital Computer

Data Processing Concept

Computer Software

Data Communication and Networking

Fundamentals of Internet and Java Programming

Control Statements

Files

Maths

Xth Standard Book

Contents

Real Numbers
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Euclid’s Division Lemma
1.3 The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic
1.4 Revisiting Irrational Numbers
1.5 Revisiting Rational Numbers and Their Decimal Expansions
1.6 Summary
Polynomials
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Geometrical Meaning of the Zeroes of a Polynomial
2.3 Relationship between Zeroes and Coefficients of a Polynomial
2.4 Division Algorithm for Polynomials
2.5 Summary
Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables
3.3 Graphical Method of Solution of a Pair of Linear Equations
3.4 Algebraic Methods of Solving a Pair of Linear Equations
3.4.1 Substitution Method
3.4.2 Elimination Method
3.4.3 Cross-Multiplication Method
3.5 Equations Reducible to a Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables
3.6 Summary
Quadratic Equations
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Quadratic Equations
4.3 Solution of a Quadratic Equation by Factorisation
4.4 Solution of a Quadratic Equation by Completing the Square
4.5 Nature of Roots
4.6 Summary
Arithmetic Progressions
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Arithmetic Progressions
5.3 nth Term of an AP
5.4 Sum of First n Terms of an AP
5.5 Summary
Triangles
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Similar Figures
6.3 Similarity of Triangles
6.4 Criteria for Similarity of Triangles
6.5 Areas of Similar Triangles
6.6 Pythagoras Theorem
6.7 Summary
Coordinate Geometry
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Distance Formula
7.3 Section Formula
7.4 Area of a Triangle
7.5 Summary
Introduction to Trigonometry
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Trigonometric Ratios
8.3 Trigonometric Ratios of Some Specific Angles
8.4 Trigonometric Ratios of Complementary Angles
8.5 Trigonometric Identities
8.6 Summary
Some Applications of Trigonometry
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Heights and Distances
9.3 Summary
Circles
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Tangent to a Circle
10.3 Number of Tangents from a Point on a Circle
10.4 Summary
Constructions
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Division of a Line Segment
11.3 Construction of Tangents to a Circle
11.4 Summary
Areas Related to Circles
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Perimeter and Area of a Circle — A Review
12.3 Areas of Sector and Segment of a Circle
12.4 Areas of Combinations of Plane Figures
12.5 Summary
Surface Areas and Volumes
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Surface Area of a Combination of Solids
13.3 Volume of a Combination of Solids
13.4 Conversion of Solid from One Shape to Another
13.5 Frustum of a Cone
13.6 Summary
Statistics
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Mean of Grouped Data
14.3 Mode of Grouped Data
14.4 Median of Grouped Data
14.5 Graphical Representation of Cumulative Frequency Distribution
14.6 Summary
Probability
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Probability — A Theoretical Approach
15.3 Summary